Hixkaryana language Totally Explained

Everything about Hixkaryana totally explained

Hixkaryana is one of the Carib languages, spoken by just over 500 people on the Nhamundá river, a tributary of the Amazon River in Brazil. It is one of a few known natural languages that normally use Object Verb Subject word order, and may have been the first such language to be described (by linguist Desmond C. Derbyshire).

Phonology

Hixkaryana has the following consonant phonemes:

	Labial		Alveolar		Postalveolar or palatal		Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Plosive	p	b	t	d	tʃ	ɟ	k
Fricative	ɸ		s		ʃ			h
Tap			ɾ		ɽˡ
Approximant					j		w

/ɽˡ/ is a retroflex tap with a lateral release.
The orthography used is as follows: /ʧ ɟ/ = ; /ɸ ʃ/ = ; /ɲ/ = ; /ɽˡ/ = ; /j/ = .

The vowels are /e/, /ɯ/, /u/, /ɔ/, and /æ/, written , <ɨ>, , , and .

Grammar

In Hixkaryana, arguments are indexed on the verb by means of person prefixes. These prefixes form an inverse-like pattern in which the argument highest in the hierarchy 2nd > 1st > 3rd is indexed on the verb. If the object of a transitive verb outranks the subject according to this hierarchy, the appropriate O-prefix is used; otherwise, an A-prefix is used.

A-prefixes		O-prefixes
1A	/ɨ-	1O	r(o)
2A	m(ɨ)-	2O	o(j)-/a(j)-
1+2A	t(ɨ)-	1+2O	k(ɨ)-
3A	n(ɨ)-/j-

Intransitive verbs take prefixes mostly similar to the transitive prefixes given above. The arguments' grammatical number is indexed on the verb by means of portmanteau suffixes that combine tense, aspect, mood, and number.
In most cases, the person prefixes unambiguously determine which of the arguments in the subject and which is the object. When both the subject and the object are third person, however, the person prefix is inadequate to fully determine the identity of the arguments. In these situations, therefore, word order is crucial in determining their identity. The example above, 'toto yonoye kamara', can't be given the SVO reading "the man ate the jaguar; the OVS reading -- "the jaguar ate the man" -- is the only possible one.
Hixkaryana has a Object Verb Subject word order.

toto	yonoye			kamara
toto	y-	ono	-ye	kamara
person	3SG-	eat	-DIST.PAST.COMPL	jaguar
"The jaguar ate the man."

Indirect objects, however, follow the subject:

bɨryekomo	yotahahono				wosɨ	tɨnyo	wya
bɨryekomo	y-	otaha	-ho	-no	wosɨ	tɨnyo	wya
boy	3SG-	hit	-CAUS	-IMM.PAST	woman	her-husband	by
"The woman caused her husband to hit the boy."

Moreover, word order in nonfinite embedded clauses is SOV. (External Link

). Like most other languages with objects preceding the verb, it's postpositional.

Further Information

Get more info on 'Hixkaryana'.

External Link Exchanges

Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:

<a href="http://hixkaryana_language.totallyexplained.com">Hixkaryana language Totally Explained</a>

Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned.